IBCLC Study Guide: All-In-One Guide + 4 Exam Practice Test (600 Questions), Latest for International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC), OrganizationName IBLCE

A mother of a preterm infant (corrected age 2 months, history of mild neonatal respiratory distress) exclusively breastfeeds. She quit smoking during pregnancy but lives with her parents who smoke 1 pack/day indoors. The infant has frequent nasal congestion and intermittent wheezing. The grandparents visit the infant daily immediately after smoking, wearing their usual clothes. The mother asks how to protect her baby. What is the *most* critical action the lactation consultant should recommend?

A 2-day-old term infant, delivered vaginally without complications, is brought to the well-baby nursery by his mother for his first breastfeeding session. The lactation consultant observes the infant becoming irritable and coughing/choking immediately upon attempting to latch. The infant has excessive drooling and mild nasal flaring. The nurse reports the infant had similar coughing episodes with small formula feeds earlier. The infant’s respiratory rate is 68 breaths/minute. The lactation consultant attempts to pass a nasogastric tube for assessment but meets resistance at approximately 10 cm. What is the lactation consultant’s most critical immediate action?

A lactation consultant sees a 3-week-old, late preterm infant (born at 35 weeks) in outpatient clinic. The infant is exclusively breastfed, feeding 8-10 times daily with audible swallowing. Birth weight was 2400g; current weight is 2500g, representing a gain of 100g over 7 days. The mother reports good milk supply. Based on nutritional requirements for late preterm infants, what is the MOST appropriate initial action?

A 34-week preterm infant in the NICU requires supplementation as his mother is critically ill and unable to initiate lactation. The hospital policy prohibits informal milk sharing. The mother expresses a strong preference for human milk over formula. Which is the MOST appropriate initial action for the lactation consultant to recommend regarding donor milk acquisition?

A lactation consultant is assessing a 32-week gestational age infant, now 35 weeks post-conceptual age (PCA), in the step-down unit. Birth weight was 1500g, current weight is 1900g. The infant is transitioning to oral feeds (alternating breast and bottle with expressed milk). Over the past 3 days, the infant averaged 140 mL/kg/day intake orally. Weight gain has been 10g/day over the last week. The mother reports the infant breastfeeds well for 15-20 minutes but often falls asleep and is difficult to re-rouse, while bottle feeds (using preemie nipple) are consistently finished (45mL in 20 minutes). The infant appears alert before feeds but tires quickly. What is the lactation consultant’s *priority* recommendation to support adequate growth?

A lactation consultant sees a mother, 3 weeks postpartum, who exclusively pumps breast milk due to severe latch pain. The mother reports extreme anxiety about SIDS. She insists the baby sleeps alone in a separate nursery with a video monitor, but she gets minimal sleep herself due to constantly watching the monitor. The baby feeds well on pumped milk. The mother appears exhausted and tearful, stating, “I know I should hold her more, but I’m terrified something will happen if she’s near me while I sleep.” What is the lactation consultant’s *priority* intervention regarding safe sleep?

An LC is part of a committee developing a new hospital policy on accepting educational grants from infant feeding product manufacturers. One proposal suggests accepting grants only if the funds support general lactation education programs, not specific product promotion, and full disclosure is made. The LC knows the hospital struggles with budget constraints for staff training. According to the WHO Code and subsequent WHA resolutions, what is the primary ethical concern the LC should advocate against in this proposal?

A breastfeeding mother at 20 weeks gestation with her second child continues to nurse her healthy 22-month-old toddler. She reports a significant decrease in milk volume over the past month, though her toddler still nurses frequently. She is eating well and taking prenatal vitamins. Which physiological change is the *primary* reason for this decrease in milk production?

During a home visit, Leila, a mother of a 3-week-old, reports low milk supply concerns. Assessment reveals effective milk transfer and appropriate weight gain, but Leila avoids direct latch, preferring to pump and bottle-feed due to cultural beliefs that colostrum is “dirty.” She expresses exhaustion from frequent pumping. The consultant’s most empowering response is to:

A lactation consultant is facilitating a weekly breastfeeding support group. During the session, a first-time mother, Maria, expresses significant frustration and tearfulness about perceived low milk supply despite frequent feedings. Several other group members immediately offer anecdotal advice about herbal galactagogues. The consultant observes Maria becoming overwhelmed and the group discussion shifting away from evidence-based solutions. The consultant has limited time to redirect the session effectively. What is the lactation consultant’s *most* appropriate immediate action to support Maria and maintain the group’s educational focus?

A 3-week-old exclusively breastfed infant presents with slow weight gain (gaining 15g/day over past week), despite feeding 10-12 times per 24 hours for 30-40 minutes per feed. The mother reports the infant has infrequent, small, greenish stools and falls asleep quickly at the breast after initial vigorous sucking. The parents are anxious and request formula supplementation. Which action is the *most appropriate* initial step for the lactation consultant to recommend?

A breastfeeding mother presents with significant nipple trauma (deep fissures) and reports intense, throbbing nipple pain *after* feeds, worsened by cold exposure. Examination shows blanched nipples post-feeding. She is currently using purified lanolin after each feed with minimal relief. The lactation consultant needs to recommend the most appropriate topical intervention considering both wound healing and symptom management. Which recommendation is most appropriate?

A 32-week gestational age infant, now corrected to 36 weeks, is receiving fortified expressed breast milk via nasogastric tube. The infant has gained 25 grams per day over the past week. During diaper changes and holding, the infant demonstrates consistent rooting, brings hands to mouth, and exhibits brief non-nutritive sucking. The mother pumps 8 times daily. The lactation consultant must advise on the next feeding step, considering the infant’s physiologic stability and developmental readiness. Which action is most appropriate?

A hospital-based lactation consultant is asked to develop a new policy on nipple shield use, prompted by a recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) showing increased breastfeeding duration with *proactive* shield use for infants with latch difficulties. Current hospital policy restricts shields to *reactive* use after other interventions fail. The head nurse insists on immediate policy adoption, citing the RCT. The consultant notes the RCT excluded preterm infants and had variable follow-up compliance. What is the consultant’s BEST next step?

A lactation consultant visits a 32-hour-old infant born at 30 weeks gestation, weighing 1200 grams (VLBW), in the NICU. The infant is receiving 18 mL fortified human milk via gavage every 3 hours, tolerating feeds without emesis or significant residuals. Weight gain over the past 48 hours is 10 grams/kg/day. The neonatologist asks the consultant for input on optimizing nutrition to support catch-up growth. Which action should the lactation consultant recommend *first*?

A lactation consultant assesses a primiparous mother 2 hours after an unplanned cesarean birth under spinal anesthesia. The mother is drowsy but alert, reporting exhaustion. Her healthy term infant is calm, exhibiting hand-to-mouth movements and rooting when cheek-stimulated. The mother asks to hold the baby skin-to-skin but worries she might fall asleep. What is the lactation consultant’s safest action to support bonding and feeding?

A lactation consultant assesses a vegan mother, 12 weeks postpartum, exclusively breastfeeding. The mother reports persistent fatigue, lightheadedness, and her 2-month-old has become increasingly fussy during feeds with slowed weight gain (20g/day over 2 weeks). She takes a prenatal vitamin without iron or B12 and avoids fortified foods. The infant appears pale. Which intervention should the consultant prioritize?

A lactation consultant sees a mother 4 weeks postpartum who reports persistent low milk supply despite exclusive breastfeeding on demand. The mother has a 2-year history of infertility with irregular menses and was diagnosed with a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma managed with cabergoline, discontinued upon pregnancy confirmation. Physical assessment shows persistent galactorrhea but poor infant weight gain. What is the most likely physiological reason for the low milk supply in this context?

A lactation consultant is advocating to the Ministry of Health to improve breastfeeding support in public hospitals. The ministry acknowledges the issue but cites limited funding and staff capacity. The consultant learns the ministry *already* funds a mandatory annual maternal-child health training for nurses. Which proposal by the consultant is most likely to gain ministry approval for integrating the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding?

A lactation consultant is contacted by a mother with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on an insulin pump. Her 2-week-old infant, born at 39 weeks, is exclusively breastfed. She reports her infant is very fussy and “shaky” just before feeds, settling quickly after feeding. Her infant’s weight gain is adequate (25g/day). Reviewing her pump data, the consultant notes her basal rates are lowest overnight and she typically breastfeeds the infant immediately upon waking. What is the *most likely* contributing factor to the infant’s pre-feed symptoms?

A lactation consultant sees a 3-day postpartum mother experiencing persistent nipple pain despite correcting the infant’s latch. The infant feeds for 5–7 minutes per breast before falling asleep and has lost 8% birth weight. The mother is exhausted and expresses concern about low milk supply. Which action aligns *most* with evidence-based practice?

A 4-month-old exclusively breastfed infant, previously feeding well, now fusses and pulls away after 5 minutes at the breast but appears content afterward. Growth is on track (75th percentile), and the infant meets developmental milestones. The mother is concerned about reduced feeding time and wants to increase frequency. What is the lactation consultant’s *most appropriate* response?

A lactation consultant is tasked with developing a workplace lactation policy for a community health center employing nurses, receptionists, and home-visiting staff. Staff report the existing “lactation room” is frequently locked or used for storage. The center director emphasizes minimizing costs and ensuring legal compliance. Which policy component is most critical to include for equitable access?

A lactation consultant is called to the nursery for a 36-hour-old infant with ankyloglossia (Hazelbaker Grade 3). The infant has shallow latch, poor milk transfer, and maternal nipple trauma. The mother wishes to exclusively breastfeed but states, “I can’t tolerate this pain.” The infant shows no signs of dehydration, and blood glucose is stable. *Which action should the lactation consultant prioritize under the hospital’s 48-hour discharge protocol?*

A 28-year-old primiparous mother stopped breastfeeding her healthy infant 4 months ago due to returning to work. The infant is now 5 months old and bottle-fed. She wishes to relactate exclusively. She has been using a hospital-grade electric breast pump every 2-3 hours during the day and once at night for the past week, expressing minimal drops of milk. The infant readily latches during skin-to-skin contact but sucks weakly and briefly. What is the MOST critical next step the lactation consultant should recommend to maximize relactation success based on physiological principles?

A lactation consultant working for a county health department learns that a proposed 40% budget cut threatens the center’s primary home-visiting program supporting vulnerable first-time mothers. This program has demonstrably increased exclusive breastfeeding rates at 6 months by 25% in the target population over 3 years. The consultant has one week to prepare a concise advocacy strategy for the upcoming county commissioners’ meeting. Which action is the *most* effective initial advocacy step for the consultant to take?

A 32-year-old primiparous mother gave birth via planned cesarean at 39 weeks. She initially formula-fed due to severe breast pain, but now at 5 weeks postpartum, she wishes to relactate exclusively. She has been using a hospital-grade electric pump 8 times daily for the past week, takes domperidone 20mg TID as prescribed, and reports minimal milk expression (5-10 mL total per session) and persistent nipple tenderness. Which action is the *most* critical next step for the lactation consultant to recommend to establish an adequate milk supply?

A lactation consultant is volunteering at an emergency evacuation center after a major flood disrupts the community. Many displaced mothers are breastfeeding infants under 6 months, but formula donations are arriving unsolicited. The center manager, overwhelmed, asks the consultant for immediate guidance on handling the donations to best protect infant health, given limited clean water access and staffing. What is the lactation consultant’s *priority* recommendation?

A mother calls the lactation consultant concerned her 3-week-old, exclusively breastfed infant is refusing to latch on the right breast. She reports applying a generous amount of a new over-the-counter nipple cream containing beeswax, coconut oil, and calendula extract after every feed for soreness over the past 2 days. The infant latches well on the left breast. The mother denies any rash on the infant but notes the baby seems fussy and gags when attempting the right side. What is the MOST likely pharmacological concern the lactation consultant should prioritize?

A lactation consultant is caring for a stable, late-preterm infant (35 weeks gestation) who is 4 hours old in the postpartum unit. The infant has maintained temperature within normal limits since birth and has initiated breastfeeding once with moderate latch difficulty. The mother desires continuous skin-to-skin care but expresses concern about the infant becoming cold during her planned shower in 90 minutes. The unit policy emphasizes uninterrupted skin-to-skin for the first 24 hours whenever possible. What is the lactation consultant’s most appropriate immediate action?